Activity 2.1.1 Wood Frame Systems
Introduction
Most people do not consider what is behind the painted walls or exterior surface in most buildings. Homes are often constructed with a wood frame, especially if the area has an abundant supply of wood. Much of the United States has an abundant supply, so wood frame buildings are common. Different regions, however, dictate other differences, such as whether the outside facing walls are made of 2x4 or 2x6 studs to allow for different amounts of insulation. Wood frame construction has existed for many years. If you visit a construction site to observe the skeleton of such a structure, you should be able to make sense of the placement of the different support pieces.
Conclusion
1. List, describe, and explain the purpose of two components of a residential building that you are familiar with, such as your home.
2. Which part of wood frame construction do you think will change the most in the near future? Explain the change and why you believe it will occur soon.
Introduction
Most people do not consider what is behind the painted walls or exterior surface in most buildings. Homes are often constructed with a wood frame, especially if the area has an abundant supply of wood. Much of the United States has an abundant supply, so wood frame buildings are common. Different regions, however, dictate other differences, such as whether the outside facing walls are made of 2x4 or 2x6 studs to allow for different amounts of insulation. Wood frame construction has existed for many years. If you visit a construction site to observe the skeleton of such a structure, you should be able to make sense of the placement of the different support pieces.
Conclusion
1. List, describe, and explain the purpose of two components of a residential building that you are familiar with, such as your home.
2. Which part of wood frame construction do you think will change the most in the near future? Explain the change and why you believe it will occur soon.
Activity 2.3.2 Green Building and Sustainable Design
Introduction
Green building design and sustainable architecture are reshaping the practices and products of modern construction. Climate change concerns and a sense of stewardship for the Earth are motivating the use of green building products and sustainable techniques. Energy use in buildings is increasing and could continue to rise. By using new sustainable methods, materials, and mechanical components, architects and engineers are able to create structures that can curb that trend. A sustainable building design reduces pressure on the environment by decreasing energy consumption during the life cycle of a building.
Conclusion 1. Describe an original green and sustainable idea that you have. Choose one that is not currently in use as far as you know.
Put a small fitness room in the building, so that you may get physically fit and work up heat that could slightly help keeping the house warmer.
2. Describe an improvement that you believe could be made to the building where you live. Describe why it is an improvement.
Improved insulation in the roof, the walls, and fill in holes under the building. This would greatly help keeping the temperature up inside so that we would spend less on the heating bill.
Introduction
Green building design and sustainable architecture are reshaping the practices and products of modern construction. Climate change concerns and a sense of stewardship for the Earth are motivating the use of green building products and sustainable techniques. Energy use in buildings is increasing and could continue to rise. By using new sustainable methods, materials, and mechanical components, architects and engineers are able to create structures that can curb that trend. A sustainable building design reduces pressure on the environment by decreasing energy consumption during the life cycle of a building.
Conclusion 1. Describe an original green and sustainable idea that you have. Choose one that is not currently in use as far as you know.
Put a small fitness room in the building, so that you may get physically fit and work up heat that could slightly help keeping the house warmer.
2. Describe an improvement that you believe could be made to the building where you live. Describe why it is an improvement.
Improved insulation in the roof, the walls, and fill in holes under the building. This would greatly help keeping the temperature up inside so that we would spend less on the heating bill.
2.3.4A Adding Green
Introduction
The United States Green Building Council (USGBC) formed LEED®, whose mission is to transform the way buildings and communities are designed, built, and operated, enabling an environmentally and socially responsible, healthy, and prosperous environment that improves the quality of life. For residential construction, eight categories exist for which architects can receive LEED® credits. Building materials and innovative construction methods allow architects the freedom to achieve credits from each of the eight categories. Architects use the LEED program to guide the design of a structure that exists in harmony with the environment and its occupants.
Conclusion
1. What types of professionals should be included on a project team and throughout the project in order to obtain a LEED ID credit?
Architecture or residential design, energy engineers, green builders, landscape architecture and land use planning
2. What specific solar orientation practices can earn LEED credit?
Put the east-west sides of the building at most 15 degrees from east-west. Glazing area on north or south walls at least 50% greater than the glazing areas of the east or west facing walls.
3. What types of sites should be avoided in order to obtain LEED credit?
Any site that is under the 100 foot FEMA flood plain, land within 100 feet of water, land that was once parkland, or land that contains special soils.
4. What basic landscape design practices should be followed in order to obtain LEED credits? Drought resistant turf, do not put turf in densly shaded areas, do not use turn in areas that are over a slope of 4:1.
5. What are some ways that architects can obtain LEED credits concerning water efficiency? Reuse of gray water, high efficiency irrigation systems, low flow plumbing fixtures
6. What building components or systems can be enhanced to contribute to LEED credits that promote energy efficiency? Pipe insulation, advanced lighting package, and refrigerand tests can be used
7. How can the choices of (or use of) materials affect the LEED rating of a home?
These could be brought from a short distance and also be materials that are easily renewable or recycleable.
8. What is required to earn LEED credits with respect to moisture and indoor pollutants in kitchens and bathrooms?
Vents of some kind to keep the humidity below 60%. Also to haev an adequate HVAC system to remove the air pollutants
9. From a public relations perspective, why might a company want to have a high LEED score? This would make the place seem like a better place to work for employees and this also could make the process that they go through cost a lot less.
Introduction
The United States Green Building Council (USGBC) formed LEED®, whose mission is to transform the way buildings and communities are designed, built, and operated, enabling an environmentally and socially responsible, healthy, and prosperous environment that improves the quality of life. For residential construction, eight categories exist for which architects can receive LEED® credits. Building materials and innovative construction methods allow architects the freedom to achieve credits from each of the eight categories. Architects use the LEED program to guide the design of a structure that exists in harmony with the environment and its occupants.
Conclusion
1. What types of professionals should be included on a project team and throughout the project in order to obtain a LEED ID credit?
Architecture or residential design, energy engineers, green builders, landscape architecture and land use planning
2. What specific solar orientation practices can earn LEED credit?
Put the east-west sides of the building at most 15 degrees from east-west. Glazing area on north or south walls at least 50% greater than the glazing areas of the east or west facing walls.
3. What types of sites should be avoided in order to obtain LEED credit?
Any site that is under the 100 foot FEMA flood plain, land within 100 feet of water, land that was once parkland, or land that contains special soils.
4. What basic landscape design practices should be followed in order to obtain LEED credits? Drought resistant turf, do not put turf in densly shaded areas, do not use turn in areas that are over a slope of 4:1.
5. What are some ways that architects can obtain LEED credits concerning water efficiency? Reuse of gray water, high efficiency irrigation systems, low flow plumbing fixtures
6. What building components or systems can be enhanced to contribute to LEED credits that promote energy efficiency? Pipe insulation, advanced lighting package, and refrigerand tests can be used
7. How can the choices of (or use of) materials affect the LEED rating of a home?
These could be brought from a short distance and also be materials that are easily renewable or recycleable.
8. What is required to earn LEED credits with respect to moisture and indoor pollutants in kitchens and bathrooms?
Vents of some kind to keep the humidity below 60%. Also to haev an adequate HVAC system to remove the air pollutants
9. From a public relations perspective, why might a company want to have a high LEED score? This would make the place seem like a better place to work for employees and this also could make the process that they go through cost a lot less.
Activity 3.1.2 Land Use and Development Regulations
Introduction
Most locations within the United States fall within a municipality that regulates land use within its jurisdiction. Land Use regulations are designed to protect and promote the public health, safety, and general welfare. Typically they include Zoning Ordinances that control development by designating areas for specific types of use. These ordinances include laws that control a wide variety of development activities within each zoning area, including building construction, parking lot design, entrances and exits from property, water and sewer facilities, storm water runoff, and landscaping.
As part of local Land Use regulations, many municipalities have adopted the International Building Code to regulate the design and construction of non-residential buildings. Although some jurisdictions within a state may not use the IBC, state or local regulations will typically adopt the IBC by reference, meaning that the requirements of the IBC apply within the jurisdiction of that state or other government body.
Rules that control other aspects of development vary and are published by each municipality. It is important to identify the codes and regulations that apply to a project and become familiar with the requirements for development before beginning the design of a project.
Procedure
In this activity you will research the local code of ordinances and building codes to obtain important information needed to redesign the Keystone building.
The Keystone Building is within the city of Noblesville, Indiana. The Noblesville Code of Ordinances applies to this project location.
1. Identify the Building Code that applies in Noblesville by reviewing Section 154.04 Adoption of Rules by Reference in the Noblesville Code of Ordinances.
Article 14- One and Two Family Dwelling Codes
2. Visit the Indiana Association of Building Officials website at http://www.iabo.com/ and follow the link to Current Codes. On which model code is the current Indiana Building Code based?
Indiana Code 2006
3. Using the International Building Code, find the Use and Occupancy classification of the proposed new Keystone Building.
303.1 Assembly Group A3
4. Using the International Building Code, describe each of the four types of construction. Based on the existing structure, under which of these types of construction could the Keystone Building fall? See section 503.1.
I. Steel Framing Encased
II. Steel Framing
III. Noncombustible material
IV. Heavy timber
V. Any materials allowed by code may be used
5. Compare the allowable Building Heights and Areas (IBC 2009 Table 503) for the Keystone Library using different construction types. What is the least restrictive construction type that can be used for the Keystone Library? Is a fire-protective layer required over the structural elements? Note: The letter A indicates that the structural members are protected by a fire-rated coating or cover (sheetrock, spray on, or another approved method). The letter B indicates that the structural members are not protected by an additional fire-rated coating or cover.
Area of first floor= 9424 ft^2
Type 3B
6. What materials do you propose to use for the new interior walls and floor for the Keystone Building? Justify your answer.
Fire treated wood interior or brick.
7. Use the IBC to determine the Occupant Load (IBC 2009 Section 1004) for the Keystone Building assuming a second floor is added per the Keystone Library Renovation Preliminary Building plans (see Revit file). For now, conservatively assume that the second floor is entirely stacks and that the first floor is entirely reading rooms. In addition, because there is currently no plan to include an outside stairway to the roof, assume that the occupants of the green roof must exit through the 2nd floor. The building inspector has determined, based on the planned use of the green roof as additional reading area, that the occupant load for the green roof may be based on the requirements for reading rooms.
First floor approximately 178 people.
Second floor approximately 46 people.
Green roof approximately 178 people.
8. The occupant load is used to determine the minimum egress width for the building. Use the IBC to determine the required total egress width (IBC 2009 Section 1005) for the Keystone Building including the second floor.
9. What is the minimum number of exits required for the Occupant Load (IBC 2009 Section 1021)? Minimum is 2 exits.
10. Read IBC 2009 Section 1021.2. Is it permissible to have only a single exit from the ground floor? From the second floor? Justify your answers.
No it is not permissible because there will be too many people.
No
The answers to the following questions should be researched in the Noblesville Code of Ordinances and the Noblesville Zoning Map.
11. In which zoning designation does the Keystone building property lie? (Refer to the Keystone Library Site Location Map to help locate the site on the zoning map.)
PB=Planned Business
12. Describe the purpose of this zoning designation. Document your answer with a section number from the code.
For larger scale buildings used for commercial purposes.
13. What is the minimum lot size within this designation? Does the Keystone Property meet this requirement? Document your answer with a section number of the code.
20,000 ft^2
14. What is the maximum building height according to the Noblesville ordinance?
Three stories or 35 ft
15. Read Section 159.120 of the Noblesville Code of Ordinances. Record any information that is important to the redevelopment of the Keystone building.
16. Is the Use proposed in Keystone Building Project permitted on this property? Document your answer. Yes
17. When developing a property, when is landscaping and screening required?
When a new building is built or added onto.
Conclusion
1. Why is it important to research building codes and local ordinances before beginning the design of a project?
To know what your design constraints are.
2. Give some examples of how building codes protect people and property.
Having emergency exit doors promotes people's safety, and with more people will be able to escape quicker for a fire and there is more of a chance the building could be saved then.
3. How do local ordinances control development?
They can keep some businesses out or require you to abide by their regulations to build there.
Introduction
Most locations within the United States fall within a municipality that regulates land use within its jurisdiction. Land Use regulations are designed to protect and promote the public health, safety, and general welfare. Typically they include Zoning Ordinances that control development by designating areas for specific types of use. These ordinances include laws that control a wide variety of development activities within each zoning area, including building construction, parking lot design, entrances and exits from property, water and sewer facilities, storm water runoff, and landscaping.
As part of local Land Use regulations, many municipalities have adopted the International Building Code to regulate the design and construction of non-residential buildings. Although some jurisdictions within a state may not use the IBC, state or local regulations will typically adopt the IBC by reference, meaning that the requirements of the IBC apply within the jurisdiction of that state or other government body.
Rules that control other aspects of development vary and are published by each municipality. It is important to identify the codes and regulations that apply to a project and become familiar with the requirements for development before beginning the design of a project.
Procedure
In this activity you will research the local code of ordinances and building codes to obtain important information needed to redesign the Keystone building.
The Keystone Building is within the city of Noblesville, Indiana. The Noblesville Code of Ordinances applies to this project location.
1. Identify the Building Code that applies in Noblesville by reviewing Section 154.04 Adoption of Rules by Reference in the Noblesville Code of Ordinances.
Article 14- One and Two Family Dwelling Codes
2. Visit the Indiana Association of Building Officials website at http://www.iabo.com/ and follow the link to Current Codes. On which model code is the current Indiana Building Code based?
Indiana Code 2006
3. Using the International Building Code, find the Use and Occupancy classification of the proposed new Keystone Building.
303.1 Assembly Group A3
4. Using the International Building Code, describe each of the four types of construction. Based on the existing structure, under which of these types of construction could the Keystone Building fall? See section 503.1.
I. Steel Framing Encased
II. Steel Framing
III. Noncombustible material
IV. Heavy timber
V. Any materials allowed by code may be used
5. Compare the allowable Building Heights and Areas (IBC 2009 Table 503) for the Keystone Library using different construction types. What is the least restrictive construction type that can be used for the Keystone Library? Is a fire-protective layer required over the structural elements? Note: The letter A indicates that the structural members are protected by a fire-rated coating or cover (sheetrock, spray on, or another approved method). The letter B indicates that the structural members are not protected by an additional fire-rated coating or cover.
Area of first floor= 9424 ft^2
Type 3B
6. What materials do you propose to use for the new interior walls and floor for the Keystone Building? Justify your answer.
Fire treated wood interior or brick.
7. Use the IBC to determine the Occupant Load (IBC 2009 Section 1004) for the Keystone Building assuming a second floor is added per the Keystone Library Renovation Preliminary Building plans (see Revit file). For now, conservatively assume that the second floor is entirely stacks and that the first floor is entirely reading rooms. In addition, because there is currently no plan to include an outside stairway to the roof, assume that the occupants of the green roof must exit through the 2nd floor. The building inspector has determined, based on the planned use of the green roof as additional reading area, that the occupant load for the green roof may be based on the requirements for reading rooms.
First floor approximately 178 people.
Second floor approximately 46 people.
Green roof approximately 178 people.
8. The occupant load is used to determine the minimum egress width for the building. Use the IBC to determine the required total egress width (IBC 2009 Section 1005) for the Keystone Building including the second floor.
9. What is the minimum number of exits required for the Occupant Load (IBC 2009 Section 1021)? Minimum is 2 exits.
10. Read IBC 2009 Section 1021.2. Is it permissible to have only a single exit from the ground floor? From the second floor? Justify your answers.
No it is not permissible because there will be too many people.
No
The answers to the following questions should be researched in the Noblesville Code of Ordinances and the Noblesville Zoning Map.
11. In which zoning designation does the Keystone building property lie? (Refer to the Keystone Library Site Location Map to help locate the site on the zoning map.)
PB=Planned Business
12. Describe the purpose of this zoning designation. Document your answer with a section number from the code.
For larger scale buildings used for commercial purposes.
13. What is the minimum lot size within this designation? Does the Keystone Property meet this requirement? Document your answer with a section number of the code.
20,000 ft^2
14. What is the maximum building height according to the Noblesville ordinance?
Three stories or 35 ft
15. Read Section 159.120 of the Noblesville Code of Ordinances. Record any information that is important to the redevelopment of the Keystone building.
16. Is the Use proposed in Keystone Building Project permitted on this property? Document your answer. Yes
17. When developing a property, when is landscaping and screening required?
When a new building is built or added onto.
Conclusion
1. Why is it important to research building codes and local ordinances before beginning the design of a project?
To know what your design constraints are.
2. Give some examples of how building codes protect people and property.
Having emergency exit doors promotes people's safety, and with more people will be able to escape quicker for a fire and there is more of a chance the building could be saved then.
3. How do local ordinances control development?
They can keep some businesses out or require you to abide by their regulations to build there.
Activity 3.2.2 Loads
Conclusion
1. Why are dead load and live load considered separately? How do they affect the structure differently?
Because dead load is the weight that a roof will always have to support whereas live load is weight that is added on such as people, furniture, merchandise, vehicles & snow acting upon it. They affect the structure differently because dead load is the bare minimum amount of weight and live load puts more stress on the structure.
2. What is the justification for requiring engineers to consider many load combinations when designing a structure rather than just one or two?
Because the building will be affected by more than just two factors. If you just considered that the roof could hold itself up with just the dead load of the roof and some people on top, then whenever it snows if it were to snow more than the weight of those people then it would collapse the building hurting people or damaging property.
3. How would the size of the roof decking and roof beams change if the spacing of the beams was increased? Why?
If the beams are farther apart then there would be a larger tributary width the beams would have to support. It would probably cause deflections in the floor if the beams were too far apart and a weight was applied to the middle of in between them. So the roof beams and the roof decking would have to increase in size to help support the extra spacing.
Conclusion
1. Why are dead load and live load considered separately? How do they affect the structure differently?
Because dead load is the weight that a roof will always have to support whereas live load is weight that is added on such as people, furniture, merchandise, vehicles & snow acting upon it. They affect the structure differently because dead load is the bare minimum amount of weight and live load puts more stress on the structure.
2. What is the justification for requiring engineers to consider many load combinations when designing a structure rather than just one or two?
Because the building will be affected by more than just two factors. If you just considered that the roof could hold itself up with just the dead load of the roof and some people on top, then whenever it snows if it were to snow more than the weight of those people then it would collapse the building hurting people or damaging property.
3. How would the size of the roof decking and roof beams change if the spacing of the beams was increased? Why?
If the beams are farther apart then there would be a larger tributary width the beams would have to support. It would probably cause deflections in the floor if the beams were too far apart and a weight was applied to the middle of in between them. So the roof beams and the roof decking would have to increase in size to help support the extra spacing.
Activity 3.3.2 Plumbing
introduction
Prior to indoor plumbing, people obtained water from outside sources such as a well or a nearby stream. Waste disposal was handled by using outdoor facilities or physically carrying wastewater in containers outdoors for disposal. Luckily, today we have access to indoor plumbing which provides us with easy indoor access to clean water and handles the disposal of wastewater. As users of the system, we typically do not think about the plumbing system that provides us with these luxuries.
Conclusion
1. How does the design of a plumbing for a commercial facility differ from the plumbing design for a residence?
The design for a commercial building has to be able to withstand more use because multiple people will be using the facilities at once.
2. What energy-efficient design features do you plan to incorporate in your plumbing design for the Keystone Library Renovation?
I plan on incorporating a gray water system where I can reuse the water from sinks for toilet water.
introduction
Prior to indoor plumbing, people obtained water from outside sources such as a well or a nearby stream. Waste disposal was handled by using outdoor facilities or physically carrying wastewater in containers outdoors for disposal. Luckily, today we have access to indoor plumbing which provides us with easy indoor access to clean water and handles the disposal of wastewater. As users of the system, we typically do not think about the plumbing system that provides us with these luxuries.
Conclusion
1. How does the design of a plumbing for a commercial facility differ from the plumbing design for a residence?
The design for a commercial building has to be able to withstand more use because multiple people will be using the facilities at once.
2. What energy-efficient design features do you plan to incorporate in your plumbing design for the Keystone Library Renovation?
I plan on incorporating a gray water system where I can reuse the water from sinks for toilet water.
Activity 3.3.6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems
Introduction
The Romans were known to have used a rudimentary heating system that included a furnace in the basement and flues to distribute heat. The Egyptians, Indians, and others used man-powered, rope-powered, or water-powered fans to ventilate interior spaces. However, it wasn’t until the 1900s that heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems became common and replaced the open fires, stoves, and opening of windows and doors to provide basic HVAC functions.
Conclusion
1. What is important to consider when designing an HVAC system?
2. How does the HVAC system affect the design of the building structure?
3. How does an engineer know the requirements for mechanical design of an HVAC system?
4. Why is it important for architects to be aware of how mechanical systems are designed or constructed?
5. What information must an architect provide to a mechanical engineer to ensure proper design and placement of the mechanical systems?
Introduction
The Romans were known to have used a rudimentary heating system that included a furnace in the basement and flues to distribute heat. The Egyptians, Indians, and others used man-powered, rope-powered, or water-powered fans to ventilate interior spaces. However, it wasn’t until the 1900s that heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems became common and replaced the open fires, stoves, and opening of windows and doors to provide basic HVAC functions.
Conclusion
1. What is important to consider when designing an HVAC system?
2. How does the HVAC system affect the design of the building structure?
3. How does an engineer know the requirements for mechanical design of an HVAC system?
4. Why is it important for architects to be aware of how mechanical systems are designed or constructed?
5. What information must an architect provide to a mechanical engineer to ensure proper design and placement of the mechanical systems?
Activity 3.4.1A Differential Leveling
Introduction
How can someone determine exactly where she is on Earth? How can a property owner determine exactly where his property ends and his neighbors’ begin? How can a builder be sure that he is constructing the floor of a building above the floor plane? Land surveying refers to the science of determining the relative positions of points on the Earth’s surface.
conclusion
1. Why would a plane survey be unacceptable in order to lay out a pipeline from Alaska to the continental U.S.?
2. In this activity we found the vertical position (elevation) of the points of interest. What information would be gained from a survey that provides vertical position? When would the determination of horizontal position be important in a construction project?
3. Give some examples of the need for highly accurate location (vertical and/or horizontal) information during the design or construction of a civil engineering project.
Introduction
How can someone determine exactly where she is on Earth? How can a property owner determine exactly where his property ends and his neighbors’ begin? How can a builder be sure that he is constructing the floor of a building above the floor plane? Land surveying refers to the science of determining the relative positions of points on the Earth’s surface.
conclusion
1. Why would a plane survey be unacceptable in order to lay out a pipeline from Alaska to the continental U.S.?
2. In this activity we found the vertical position (elevation) of the points of interest. What information would be gained from a survey that provides vertical position? When would the determination of horizontal position be important in a construction project?
3. Give some examples of the need for highly accurate location (vertical and/or horizontal) information during the design or construction of a civil engineering project.
activity 3.4.2 parking lot design
Introduction
Parking areas, to a certain extent, create the first impression for first-time visitors. Parking lots should be creatively designed to appear as part of the surrounding landscape and to contribute to a positive image. Landscaping can be used around parking lots to integrate them into the surrounding area and can be used within the lots to break up the visual impact of extensive pavement and cars. For example, deciduous trees provide solar protection for vehicles in the summer and allow solar heating in winter. Conifers can be used to screen parking lots from cold winter winds. Provision for pedestrians must be made so they may safely gain entrance to the parking lot and connecting structure.
Conclusion
1. What features of your parking lot design help to make the business a more inviting place to shop?
A lot of parking and a beautiful landscape makes someone want to shop there because it makes the building look inviting.
2. Why is it important to provide for pedestrian safety in a parking lot?
It is important because we don’t want anyone to get hurt.
3. In addition to a potential negative visual impact, what other negative impact(s) could a parking lot have on the environment?
Causes runoff and removes trees and grass of which help the environment flourish.
Introduction
Parking areas, to a certain extent, create the first impression for first-time visitors. Parking lots should be creatively designed to appear as part of the surrounding landscape and to contribute to a positive image. Landscaping can be used around parking lots to integrate them into the surrounding area and can be used within the lots to break up the visual impact of extensive pavement and cars. For example, deciduous trees provide solar protection for vehicles in the summer and allow solar heating in winter. Conifers can be used to screen parking lots from cold winter winds. Provision for pedestrians must be made so they may safely gain entrance to the parking lot and connecting structure.
Conclusion
1. What features of your parking lot design help to make the business a more inviting place to shop?
A lot of parking and a beautiful landscape makes someone want to shop there because it makes the building look inviting.
2. Why is it important to provide for pedestrian safety in a parking lot?
It is important because we don’t want anyone to get hurt.
3. In addition to a potential negative visual impact, what other negative impact(s) could a parking lot have on the environment?
Causes runoff and removes trees and grass of which help the environment flourish.