Activity 2.1 Isometric sketching
Description: We had to do 3D sketching of isometric designs.
conclusion
1. The advantages are that you can see all the given sides of the design the disadvantages is that it can get more cluttered.
2. 2D sketching show objects as if you were looking at them straight on, whether than 3D objects that show you all side of the object.
3.They use shading to help make the drawing look more 3D and to show the contrast the bouncing light on the sides of the figure
Description: We had to do 3D sketching of isometric designs.
conclusion
1. The advantages are that you can see all the given sides of the design the disadvantages is that it can get more cluttered.
2. 2D sketching show objects as if you were looking at them straight on, whether than 3D objects that show you all side of the object.
3.They use shading to help make the drawing look more 3D and to show the contrast the bouncing light on the sides of the figure
Activity 2.2 perspective
procedures
If you can stand on a straight road and look down the road, it appears as if the sides of the road eventually narrow to one point. The center of the road vanishes when the road meets the horizon. If the road is straight enough and long enough, the sides of the road not only look like they are converging to a single point, but the road seems to appear to vanish as it meets the horizon. A similar effect occurs if you stare upward from the base of a tall building. The vertical edges of the building will appear to angle in toward each other. This effect is called perspective.
Conclusion
1. What is a vanishing point?
the point at which receding parallel lines viewed in perspective appear to converge
2. Aside from the number of vanishing points, what is the difference between a one-point, two-point, and three-point perspective sketch?
One point perspective is when you have an object extending into space towards one vanishing point. An example of this is would be a box with one side facing you. Two point perspective is when that box would be extending towards two vanishing points. You would be looking at an edge of the box for example.Three point perspective is when all sides of the box are extending towards vanishing points (three are needed). If one part of this box were to be facing you it would probably be a corner.
3. How does a perspective drawing differ from an isometric drawing of the same object? When would you use a perspective view in lieu of an isometric drawing?The quick way to visualize this is to compare isometric and perspective drawings of a cube. In the isometric drawing, all the edges of the cube would be parallel in sets of four. In the perspective drawing, the edges would taper towards one or more vanishing points. The isometric drawing, being easier to construct, perserving all scales and dimensions, is the preferred method for mechanical drawings, and are practical for use in the shop. The perspective drawing, which are trickier to draw properly, and does not preserve scales and dimensions, is the preferred method for architectural drawings, because they illustrate what the eye actually sees.
procedures
If you can stand on a straight road and look down the road, it appears as if the sides of the road eventually narrow to one point. The center of the road vanishes when the road meets the horizon. If the road is straight enough and long enough, the sides of the road not only look like they are converging to a single point, but the road seems to appear to vanish as it meets the horizon. A similar effect occurs if you stare upward from the base of a tall building. The vertical edges of the building will appear to angle in toward each other. This effect is called perspective.
Conclusion
1. What is a vanishing point?
the point at which receding parallel lines viewed in perspective appear to converge
2. Aside from the number of vanishing points, what is the difference between a one-point, two-point, and three-point perspective sketch?
One point perspective is when you have an object extending into space towards one vanishing point. An example of this is would be a box with one side facing you. Two point perspective is when that box would be extending towards two vanishing points. You would be looking at an edge of the box for example.Three point perspective is when all sides of the box are extending towards vanishing points (three are needed). If one part of this box were to be facing you it would probably be a corner.
3. How does a perspective drawing differ from an isometric drawing of the same object? When would you use a perspective view in lieu of an isometric drawing?The quick way to visualize this is to compare isometric and perspective drawings of a cube. In the isometric drawing, all the edges of the cube would be parallel in sets of four. In the perspective drawing, the edges would taper towards one or more vanishing points. The isometric drawing, being easier to construct, perserving all scales and dimensions, is the preferred method for mechanical drawings, and are practical for use in the shop. The perspective drawing, which are trickier to draw properly, and does not preserve scales and dimensions, is the preferred method for architectural drawings, because they illustrate what the eye actually sees.
activity 2.3 glass box
Description:
Objects to be produced accurately often require more than a pictorial sketch. Multi-view drawings provide an accurate representation of an object which can be used to create a physical object. Typically multi-view drawings are used to show views of the faces of the object as if the viewer is looking directly at that face so that the line of sight is perpendicular to the face. This depicts the surface as the true size and shape.
Conclusion
1. How do you determine the orientation of orthogonal projections in a multi-view drawing?
You use a conventional projection - normally a first or a third angle projection
2. How would you describe the geometric relationship that exists between the adjacent views of a multi-view drawing?
The geometric relationship between the views would be that they have the same exact dimensions (length, width, height) as the "adjacent" view below it or next to it.
3. Why is it important to lay out a multi-view sketch with points and construction lines before drawing object lines?One technique used by drafters is that of multi-view drawings, which show an object from different viewpoints. Three views are common, but some simple structures only need one, while complex ones need four or more.
Description:
Objects to be produced accurately often require more than a pictorial sketch. Multi-view drawings provide an accurate representation of an object which can be used to create a physical object. Typically multi-view drawings are used to show views of the faces of the object as if the viewer is looking directly at that face so that the line of sight is perpendicular to the face. This depicts the surface as the true size and shape.
Conclusion
1. How do you determine the orientation of orthogonal projections in a multi-view drawing?
You use a conventional projection - normally a first or a third angle projection
2. How would you describe the geometric relationship that exists between the adjacent views of a multi-view drawing?
The geometric relationship between the views would be that they have the same exact dimensions (length, width, height) as the "adjacent" view below it or next to it.
3. Why is it important to lay out a multi-view sketch with points and construction lines before drawing object lines?One technique used by drafters is that of multi-view drawings, which show an object from different viewpoints. Three views are common, but some simple structures only need one, while complex ones need four or more.
activity 2.4 Multi-view sketching
Description:
It’s a very common occurrence to see a product advertisement and think, “I thought of an idea for something like that just a few months ago.” People spend a lot of time in their various interest areas and envision ideas for making things work better. Spend some time with someone who has a permanent disability and see how many product ideas come to mind that would provide a degree of freedom to a person who has lost a physical capability. Coming up with wonderful ideas are only the first step in developing solutions to problems. At some point, ideas must be built. Conclusion
1. What is the purpose of construction lines? Object lines?
Construction Line Thin lines that serve as guides while sketching or drawing.Object Line A heavy solid line used on a drawing to represent the outline of an object.
2. What is the purpose of hidden lines and center lines?
The purpose of hidden lines is to represent edges that are not directly visible. The purpose of center lines is to represent the axes of circular features.
3. What type of pictorial is shown in the first representation in number 2? How can you tell?.
construction because
4. What type of pictorial view is shown in number 6? How can you tell?
5. Why would building professionals, such as machinists and contractors, prefer multi-view drawings over pictorial drawings?
Professionals prefer multiview drawings over pictorial drawings so that it'll be easier for them to make the object. Since multiview shows how the object looks like on all the sides and pictorial drawing only shows it from one angle.
Description:
It’s a very common occurrence to see a product advertisement and think, “I thought of an idea for something like that just a few months ago.” People spend a lot of time in their various interest areas and envision ideas for making things work better. Spend some time with someone who has a permanent disability and see how many product ideas come to mind that would provide a degree of freedom to a person who has lost a physical capability. Coming up with wonderful ideas are only the first step in developing solutions to problems. At some point, ideas must be built. Conclusion
1. What is the purpose of construction lines? Object lines?
Construction Line Thin lines that serve as guides while sketching or drawing.Object Line A heavy solid line used on a drawing to represent the outline of an object.
2. What is the purpose of hidden lines and center lines?
The purpose of hidden lines is to represent edges that are not directly visible. The purpose of center lines is to represent the axes of circular features.
3. What type of pictorial is shown in the first representation in number 2? How can you tell?.
construction because
4. What type of pictorial view is shown in number 6? How can you tell?
5. Why would building professionals, such as machinists and contractors, prefer multi-view drawings over pictorial drawings?
Professionals prefer multiview drawings over pictorial drawings so that it'll be easier for them to make the object. Since multiview shows how the object looks like on all the sides and pictorial drawing only shows it from one angle.
activity 3.1 b/a
descriptions
Modern civilization cannot exist without measurement systems. Measurements are everywhere, and you use them every day. Every time you buy gas, check the outside temperature, or step on a weight scale, measurements are used to represent a quantity. The abilities to conduct, record, and convert measurements are necessary to understand our technological world and to carry on the business of living. The fields of science, engineering, and mathematics use measurements extensively in the processes of discovery and design.The United States is the only developed country that does not use the International System of Units. The U S Customary units are the accepted units of measure. However, due to the global nature of the economy, SI units are also common. In order to participate in the global market, we must be able to understand and communicate using various measurement systems.
Conclusion
1. Explain the meaning of significant digits (or significant figures) in measurement.
The significant figures (also called significant digits and abbreviated sig figs) of a number are those digits that carry meaning contributing to its accuracy
2. Why is the metric system used instead of the US customary system, and vice versa, in various parts of the world?
The metric system is more accurate and easier to manipulate. The USA and a couple of small South Pacific island kingdoms are the only countries left in the world who do not use the metric system
3. When you look at a drawing, how do you know if you are looking at U S Customary or SI measurements? Why is it important for an engineer to know this piece of information?
it is important to know because if you don't know than you could have your measurements wrong or you could build it to big or too small and it wont work.
descriptions
Modern civilization cannot exist without measurement systems. Measurements are everywhere, and you use them every day. Every time you buy gas, check the outside temperature, or step on a weight scale, measurements are used to represent a quantity. The abilities to conduct, record, and convert measurements are necessary to understand our technological world and to carry on the business of living. The fields of science, engineering, and mathematics use measurements extensively in the processes of discovery and design.The United States is the only developed country that does not use the International System of Units. The U S Customary units are the accepted units of measure. However, due to the global nature of the economy, SI units are also common. In order to participate in the global market, we must be able to understand and communicate using various measurement systems.
Conclusion
1. Explain the meaning of significant digits (or significant figures) in measurement.
The significant figures (also called significant digits and abbreviated sig figs) of a number are those digits that carry meaning contributing to its accuracy
2. Why is the metric system used instead of the US customary system, and vice versa, in various parts of the world?
The metric system is more accurate and easier to manipulate. The USA and a couple of small South Pacific island kingdoms are the only countries left in the world who do not use the metric system
3. When you look at a drawing, how do you know if you are looking at U S Customary or SI measurements? Why is it important for an engineer to know this piece of information?
it is important to know because if you don't know than you could have your measurements wrong or you could build it to big or too small and it wont work.
activity 3.2 conversion
description
Engineers of all disciplines are constantly required to work with measurements of a variety of quantities – length, area, volume, mass, force, time, temperature, electric current, etc. It is often necessary to be able to express those measurements in different units. For example, when designing a water distribution piping system, it is important to know how much water pressure is lost as the fluid flows through the pipe. The pressure loss depends on the length of the pipe which is often measured in miles. One formula that is sometimes used to calculate pressure loss requires that the pipe length be input in feet. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to convert miles to feet.
Conclusion
1. Why would you have to know how to convert measurements when looking at a technical drawing?
To give the other possible measurements if the print, work , or drawing needs to be sent to a country that doesn't use the same measuring system where the engineer lives.
2. How can you use units help you solve a problem?
well when the cow goes moo! then u can use units to calculate the decibels of the moo therefore making it accurate!
description
Engineers of all disciplines are constantly required to work with measurements of a variety of quantities – length, area, volume, mass, force, time, temperature, electric current, etc. It is often necessary to be able to express those measurements in different units. For example, when designing a water distribution piping system, it is important to know how much water pressure is lost as the fluid flows through the pipe. The pressure loss depends on the length of the pipe which is often measured in miles. One formula that is sometimes used to calculate pressure loss requires that the pipe length be input in feet. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to convert miles to feet.
Conclusion
1. Why would you have to know how to convert measurements when looking at a technical drawing?
To give the other possible measurements if the print, work , or drawing needs to be sent to a country that doesn't use the same measuring system where the engineer lives.
2. How can you use units help you solve a problem?
well when the cow goes moo! then u can use units to calculate the decibels of the moo therefore making it accurate!
Activity 3.3 Making Linear Measurements
Description Use dial calipers to make the following measurements. Remember that you can make four different types of measurements with dial calipers. Take careful measurements - you will use your measurements later when you model these parts in 3D solid modeling software.
Conclusion
1. What additional tools may have helped to measure these parts?
you can use ruler or a tape measure to measure thing.
2. Revisit number 1 above. Measure at least five of the dimensions of your part using a standard ruler and record the measurements in brackets next to each caliper measurement. Which measuring device (the caliper or the ruler) provides the best measurements? Why? the caliper measure is more accurate than a regular rule because it gets the hole size other than a ruler.
Description Use dial calipers to make the following measurements. Remember that you can make four different types of measurements with dial calipers. Take careful measurements - you will use your measurements later when you model these parts in 3D solid modeling software.
Conclusion
1. What additional tools may have helped to measure these parts?
you can use ruler or a tape measure to measure thing.
2. Revisit number 1 above. Measure at least five of the dimensions of your part using a standard ruler and record the measurements in brackets next to each caliper measurement. Which measuring device (the caliper or the ruler) provides the best measurements? Why? the caliper measure is more accurate than a regular rule because it gets the hole size other than a ruler.
Activity 3.4 intro to dimensioning
Description
If you were given the responsibility of going to a store and purchasing a throw rug that had to fit within a room in your home, how would you communicate the shape and size of the room to the salesperson? Given the sketching skills that you've developed, you would probably sketch a top view of the room on a piece of paper. This would be useful, but a sketch alone only communicates shape information. A shape has a size that must be communicated in order to make intelligent design decisions. Information about an object’s size must be conveyed using dimensions. In manufacturing, a part must be dimensioned fully and correctly and to the proper precision. Otherwise, the part may not function properly or may not fit into an assembly as intended. Dimensioning errors can lead to a delay in production time, increased design and manufacturing costs, and a potentially unsafe product. In this activity, you will apply your knowledge of dimensioning to identify dimensioning errors and provide missing dimensions on multi-view drawings. You will also fully dimension multi-view sketches according to dimensioning guidelines.
Conclusion
1. Why is placement of your dimensions so important?
the placement of your dimensions are important because you need to know the actual size of each side and there doesn't need to be extra dimensions.
2. Why do designers need to fully dimension a part?
designer need the full dimension a part so they can see the different measurements.
3. What does it mean when a sketch is over dimensioned?
it is wrong when a sketch is over a dimension because it is harder to see the measurements.
Description
If you were given the responsibility of going to a store and purchasing a throw rug that had to fit within a room in your home, how would you communicate the shape and size of the room to the salesperson? Given the sketching skills that you've developed, you would probably sketch a top view of the room on a piece of paper. This would be useful, but a sketch alone only communicates shape information. A shape has a size that must be communicated in order to make intelligent design decisions. Information about an object’s size must be conveyed using dimensions. In manufacturing, a part must be dimensioned fully and correctly and to the proper precision. Otherwise, the part may not function properly or may not fit into an assembly as intended. Dimensioning errors can lead to a delay in production time, increased design and manufacturing costs, and a potentially unsafe product. In this activity, you will apply your knowledge of dimensioning to identify dimensioning errors and provide missing dimensions on multi-view drawings. You will also fully dimension multi-view sketches according to dimensioning guidelines.
Conclusion
1. Why is placement of your dimensions so important?
the placement of your dimensions are important because you need to know the actual size of each side and there doesn't need to be extra dimensions.
2. Why do designers need to fully dimension a part?
designer need the full dimension a part so they can see the different measurements.
3. What does it mean when a sketch is over dimensioned?
it is wrong when a sketch is over a dimension because it is harder to see the measurements.
Activity 3.5 applied statistics
Description
Today’s consumers are constantly trying to judge the quality of products. But what is quality? How and by whom is quality determined? Some would say the designer creates specifications, which in turn dictate the quality of a product. That quality is also based on the acceptable value of a part within a whole product. Statistics are commonly used in manufacturing processes to control and maintain quality. This activity will allow you to apply statistics in order to analyze and determine the quality of a set of wooden cubes.
Conclusion
1. How can statistics of a product’s dimensions be used to assess the quality of the product?
to find the average quality of all products.
2. In which phase(s) of a design process might statistics be most useful? Why?
in construct a test a prototype using statistic could your product evasions.
Description
Today’s consumers are constantly trying to judge the quality of products. But what is quality? How and by whom is quality determined? Some would say the designer creates specifications, which in turn dictate the quality of a product. That quality is also based on the acceptable value of a part within a whole product. Statistics are commonly used in manufacturing processes to control and maintain quality. This activity will allow you to apply statistics in order to analyze and determine the quality of a set of wooden cubes.
Conclusion
1. How can statistics of a product’s dimensions be used to assess the quality of the product?
to find the average quality of all products.
2. In which phase(s) of a design process might statistics be most useful? Why?
in construct a test a prototype using statistic could your product evasions.
Activity 3.7 statistical analysis with excel
Description
Engineers use various tools to make their jobs easier. Spreadsheets can greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of repetitive and common calculations; therefore, engineers often employ spreadsheet applications in their work.In this activity you will collect data and use Microsoft Excel to perform statistical analyses and create a statistical chart to display your data.
Conclusion
1. Describe the difference between population standard deviation and sample standard deviation. Describe a scenario in which you would use each.A population standard deviation is measure of the entire population. So if you are trying to measure the number of people in your class who have older siblings you would survey the entire class so it is a population standard deviation.Usually, we can only estimate the true standard deviation by using a sample. The formula for a sample standard deviation (S) is slightly different than the formula for s. First of all, since we cannot compute m (a true population or process average), we must estimate it using the sample data. This is called the sample average and is usually called x-bar. The other difference is not so obvious. Rather than dividing by the sample size (N), we divide by (n-1)
2. Which type of standard deviation (population or sample) is displayed when the Data Analysis Tool is used within Excel?standard deviation
3. How do the statistics that you calculated using Excel compare to the statistics that you calculated by hand for the connector depth data? the ones you use on excel and the ones be hand the one on excel are more accuracy the by hand.
4. Other than the calculation of statistics, how could an engineer use a spreadsheet application to increase efficiency?
a spreadsheet is easier to calculate and mange the the numbers of the statistics.
Description
Engineers use various tools to make their jobs easier. Spreadsheets can greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of repetitive and common calculations; therefore, engineers often employ spreadsheet applications in their work.In this activity you will collect data and use Microsoft Excel to perform statistical analyses and create a statistical chart to display your data.
Conclusion
1. Describe the difference between population standard deviation and sample standard deviation. Describe a scenario in which you would use each.A population standard deviation is measure of the entire population. So if you are trying to measure the number of people in your class who have older siblings you would survey the entire class so it is a population standard deviation.Usually, we can only estimate the true standard deviation by using a sample. The formula for a sample standard deviation (S) is slightly different than the formula for s. First of all, since we cannot compute m (a true population or process average), we must estimate it using the sample data. This is called the sample average and is usually called x-bar. The other difference is not so obvious. Rather than dividing by the sample size (N), we divide by (n-1)
2. Which type of standard deviation (population or sample) is displayed when the Data Analysis Tool is used within Excel?standard deviation
3. How do the statistics that you calculated using Excel compare to the statistics that you calculated by hand for the connector depth data? the ones you use on excel and the ones be hand the one on excel are more accuracy the by hand.
4. Other than the calculation of statistics, how could an engineer use a spreadsheet application to increase efficiency?
a spreadsheet is easier to calculate and mange the the numbers of the statistics.
Activity 3.8 precision accuracy
Description
This concept of random and systematic errors is related to the precision and accuracy of measurements. Precision characterizes the system's probability of providing the same result every time a sample is measured (related to random error). Accuracy characterizes the system's ability to provide a mean close to the true value when a sample is measured many times (related to systematic error). We can determine the precision of a measurement instrument by making repeated measurements of the same sample and calculating the standard deviation of those measurements. However, we will not be able to correct any single measurement due to a low precision instrument. Simply stated, the effects of random uncertainties can be reduced by repeated measurement, but it is not possible to correct for random errors.
Conclusion
1. Why is it important to know the accuracy and precision of a measuring device?
yes because the caliper is more accurate than ruler so you know the real size.
3. Do you think that either of the dial calipers needs to be adjusted in order to accurately display measurements? Explain.yes because if its not than the measurement wont be right
Description
This concept of random and systematic errors is related to the precision and accuracy of measurements. Precision characterizes the system's probability of providing the same result every time a sample is measured (related to random error). Accuracy characterizes the system's ability to provide a mean close to the true value when a sample is measured many times (related to systematic error). We can determine the precision of a measurement instrument by making repeated measurements of the same sample and calculating the standard deviation of those measurements. However, we will not be able to correct any single measurement due to a low precision instrument. Simply stated, the effects of random uncertainties can be reduced by repeated measurement, but it is not possible to correct for random errors.
Conclusion
1. Why is it important to know the accuracy and precision of a measuring device?
- Accuracy is whether or not the average of all of the trials in a specific experiment is equal to the intended amount--it may have been given to you or you may have to do some calculations to determine the correct amount. Accuracy is important in an experiment so one can come up with the correct answer. One one to deter from having accurate measurements is having random or systematic errors
yes because the caliper is more accurate than ruler so you know the real size.
3. Do you think that either of the dial calipers needs to be adjusted in order to accurately display measurements? Explain.yes because if its not than the measurement wont be right
Activity 3.9 statistics quality
Description Today’s consumers are constantly trying to judge the quality of products. But what is quality? How and by whom is quality determined? Some would say the designer creates specifications, which in turn dictate the quality of a product. That quality is also based on the acceptable value of a part within a whole product. Statistics are commonly used in manufacturing processes to control and maintain quality. This activity will allow you to apply statistics in order to analyze and determine the quality (as measured by the consistency of the size) of wooden cubes. The wooden cubes will be used in the Puzzle Cube Challenge in the next Unit. You will design and construct a puzzle cube as part of the challenge. The consistency in size of the wooden cubes will affect the quality of your final product.
Conclusion
1. You have calculated statistics related to your 27 wooden cubes. Consider how your statistical analysis results would change if all of the data values for all of the cubes measured by all of the students in your class were compiled and used for analysis. Then answer the following questions.
a. How would the histogram of the entire class’ data change compared to your histogram?
they could have had different measurements for their blocks and the histogram will be a lot different
b. What value would you expect for the mean of the length measurements if the data from the entire class were used? Explain.
the mean for the entire class would be a lot more than data i have.
c. Would you expect the standard deviation of the class’ measurements be larger, smaller, or about the same as the standard deviation of your measurements? Why?I would expect it to be larger because they are adding all of the results together against mine.
2. In which phase(s) of a design process might statistics be most useful? Why?
in the research stage so you know what to do better than the last person.
3. How can statistics of a product’s dimensions be used to assess the quality of the product?
because the you can tell if the product was useful or not.
Description Today’s consumers are constantly trying to judge the quality of products. But what is quality? How and by whom is quality determined? Some would say the designer creates specifications, which in turn dictate the quality of a product. That quality is also based on the acceptable value of a part within a whole product. Statistics are commonly used in manufacturing processes to control and maintain quality. This activity will allow you to apply statistics in order to analyze and determine the quality (as measured by the consistency of the size) of wooden cubes. The wooden cubes will be used in the Puzzle Cube Challenge in the next Unit. You will design and construct a puzzle cube as part of the challenge. The consistency in size of the wooden cubes will affect the quality of your final product.
Conclusion
1. You have calculated statistics related to your 27 wooden cubes. Consider how your statistical analysis results would change if all of the data values for all of the cubes measured by all of the students in your class were compiled and used for analysis. Then answer the following questions.
a. How would the histogram of the entire class’ data change compared to your histogram?
they could have had different measurements for their blocks and the histogram will be a lot different
b. What value would you expect for the mean of the length measurements if the data from the entire class were used? Explain.
the mean for the entire class would be a lot more than data i have.
c. Would you expect the standard deviation of the class’ measurements be larger, smaller, or about the same as the standard deviation of your measurements? Why?I would expect it to be larger because they are adding all of the results together against mine.
2. In which phase(s) of a design process might statistics be most useful? Why?
in the research stage so you know what to do better than the last person.
3. How can statistics of a product’s dimensions be used to assess the quality of the product?
because the you can tell if the product was useful or not.
activity 4.1A puzzle part combinations Procedure
In this activity you will be given six ¾ in. wooden cubes. You will brainstorm as many part combinations as possible using only three of those cubes. You will sketch your part combinations on the isometric grid paper provided. Make sure that you date and sign each combination that you document. You will perform the same process using just four cubes, then with five cubes, and finally with six cubes. It is important that you identify as many combinations as possible for each set of cubes. The goal is to come up with more combinations than your classmates.Your sketches will be used to help you determine what parts you would want for your cube and how they would fit together.You will present your findings to the teacher for review.
Conclusion
1. Why is it so important for a designer to think of multiple solutions to a design problem?
So the designer can have a backup plan if his first idea doesn't work.
2. What steps did you take to determine the exact number of possible combinations for each set of cubes?you can't tell you just have to go until you solve the cub.
3. Why is it important to sketch your ideas on paper and sign and date the document?
It is important because if you ever have to prove it was your idea or design you can. With the date and signature on it you can prove you came up with the idea/design before the other person. This can make a difference if it goes to court on who idea/design it is.
In this activity you will be given six ¾ in. wooden cubes. You will brainstorm as many part combinations as possible using only three of those cubes. You will sketch your part combinations on the isometric grid paper provided. Make sure that you date and sign each combination that you document. You will perform the same process using just four cubes, then with five cubes, and finally with six cubes. It is important that you identify as many combinations as possible for each set of cubes. The goal is to come up with more combinations than your classmates.Your sketches will be used to help you determine what parts you would want for your cube and how they would fit together.You will present your findings to the teacher for review.
Conclusion
1. Why is it so important for a designer to think of multiple solutions to a design problem?
So the designer can have a backup plan if his first idea doesn't work.
2. What steps did you take to determine the exact number of possible combinations for each set of cubes?you can't tell you just have to go until you solve the cub.
3. Why is it important to sketch your ideas on paper and sign and date the document?
It is important because if you ever have to prove it was your idea or design you can. With the date and signature on it you can prove you came up with the idea/design before the other person. This can make a difference if it goes to court on who idea/design it is.
Activity 4.1b graphical modeling
Introduction
Technical drawings are used to communicate engineering designs to those who will build the product. In order that the drawings are interpreted correctly by all stake holders, the drawings should be created using accepted standard practice and should include all information necessary to correctly manufacture and/or assemble the product.
Conclusion
1. Why is it important to have designs and drawings reviewed by peers?
it lets somebody with a similar mindset as you mark your work knowing how you work and how you except criticism.
Introduction
Technical drawings are used to communicate engineering designs to those who will build the product. In order that the drawings are interpreted correctly by all stake holders, the drawings should be created using accepted standard practice and should include all information necessary to correctly manufacture and/or assemble the product.
Conclusion
1. Why is it important to have designs and drawings reviewed by peers?
it lets somebody with a similar mindset as you mark your work knowing how you work and how you except criticism.
Activity 4.1C mathematical modeling
Introduction
In this activity you will collect and analyze data in order to make predictions based on that data. You will use both manual and computer methods to record, manipulate, and analyze the data in order to determine mathematical relationships between quantities. These mathematical relationships can be represented graphically and by equations, also known as mathematical models. You will then use the mathematical models to make predictions related to the quantities.
Conclusion
1. What is the advantage of using Excel for data analysis?
it is easier because it does the calculation for you
2. What precautions should you take to make accurate predictions?
if you make the wrong prediction then it could mess up your hole project.
3. What is a function? Explain why the mathematical models that you found in this activity are functions. a relationship or expression involving one or more variables. they are function because you are multiplying more than two numbers.
4. Are all lines functions? Explain.
A "straight-line function" also called a linear function is one where the dependent variable depends directly on the value of the independent variable.
Introduction
In this activity you will collect and analyze data in order to make predictions based on that data. You will use both manual and computer methods to record, manipulate, and analyze the data in order to determine mathematical relationships between quantities. These mathematical relationships can be represented graphically and by equations, also known as mathematical models. You will then use the mathematical models to make predictions related to the quantities.
Conclusion
1. What is the advantage of using Excel for data analysis?
it is easier because it does the calculation for you
2. What precautions should you take to make accurate predictions?
if you make the wrong prediction then it could mess up your hole project.
3. What is a function? Explain why the mathematical models that you found in this activity are functions. a relationship or expression involving one or more variables. they are function because you are multiplying more than two numbers.
4. Are all lines functions? Explain.
A "straight-line function" also called a linear function is one where the dependent variable depends directly on the value of the independent variable.
Activity 4.1 D,E
Introduction 3D modeling is a powerful tool for engineers. It allows an idea to be translated into a model that can communicate the concept, adapt to changes, and even create a physical model with devices such as a prototype or a mill.
Conclusion
1. Why is using the vocabulary presented in the tutorials important?
so when you start to use it you know what to use
2. Why is it important to properly select the project each time a model is created?
so you don't work over your other projects.
Introduction 3D modeling is a powerful tool for engineers. It allows an idea to be translated into a model that can communicate the concept, adapt to changes, and even create a physical model with devices such as a prototype or a mill.
Conclusion
1. Why is using the vocabulary presented in the tutorials important?
so when you start to use it you know what to use
2. Why is it important to properly select the project each time a model is created?
so you don't work over your other projects.
Activity 4.1 f software modeling
Activity 4.1 g model creation
procedures In order to effectively use a CAD program to create 3D models of a part, a designer must be familiar with the basic strategies of additive and subtractive modeling methods. This activity will help you understand the sketching tools and extrusion features that are common to most CAD programs, plan an efficient method of simple model creation, and gain experience creating simple 3D models.
Conclusion
1. Why is it important to consider efficiency when planning your method of creation before beginning to model an object in CAD? it is important because you need to start your drawing before doing your design.
2. How can the information provided in the browser of the CAD software help you compare the efficiency of two different methods of modeling the same object? it can help because it make it easier to make updates to your model
procedures In order to effectively use a CAD program to create 3D models of a part, a designer must be familiar with the basic strategies of additive and subtractive modeling methods. This activity will help you understand the sketching tools and extrusion features that are common to most CAD programs, plan an efficient method of simple model creation, and gain experience creating simple 3D models.
Conclusion
1. Why is it important to consider efficiency when planning your method of creation before beginning to model an object in CAD? it is important because you need to start your drawing before doing your design.
2. How can the information provided in the browser of the CAD software help you compare the efficiency of two different methods of modeling the same object? it can help because it make it easier to make updates to your model
Activity 5.1 Calculating Properties ShapesIntroduction
If you were given the responsibility of painting a room, how would you know how much paint to purchase for the job? If you were told to purchase enough carpet to cover all the bedroom floors in your home, how would you communicate the amount of carpet needed to the salesperson? If you had to place an order for new shingles for the roof of your home, how would you determine the number of shingles needed? Aside from the fact that each of these questions deals with home improvement issues, they all center on the concept of area.
Conclusion
1. What is the difference between a circle and an ellipse? Basically a circle has a constant radius throughout and an ellipse does not.a circle has a constant radius an ellipse has two foci. they are at either end of the ellipse.
2. What is the difference between an inscribed and a circumscribed shape? Inscribed is a polygon inside a circle with all points on a given point in the circle. Circumscribed is a circle inside a polygon with any given point touching just one point on the polygon. Hope this helped.
3. Why is it impossible for a triangle to contain a 180° angle? It is impossible to have a 180 degree angle because all three of a triangle's angles have to equal 180. If you have one angle of 180, then you would have 2 angles of 0, making a plain old straight line.
4. How is a rhombus similar to a square? A rhombus is similar to a square because they both have parallel sides. A Rhombus can be a square, but a square can not be a rhombus.
5. What is the difference between a right, acute, and obtuse triangle? An acute triangle has three interior acute angles an obtuse triangle has one obtuse obtuse and two acute interior angles.
If you were given the responsibility of painting a room, how would you know how much paint to purchase for the job? If you were told to purchase enough carpet to cover all the bedroom floors in your home, how would you communicate the amount of carpet needed to the salesperson? If you had to place an order for new shingles for the roof of your home, how would you determine the number of shingles needed? Aside from the fact that each of these questions deals with home improvement issues, they all center on the concept of area.
Conclusion
1. What is the difference between a circle and an ellipse? Basically a circle has a constant radius throughout and an ellipse does not.a circle has a constant radius an ellipse has two foci. they are at either end of the ellipse.
2. What is the difference between an inscribed and a circumscribed shape? Inscribed is a polygon inside a circle with all points on a given point in the circle. Circumscribed is a circle inside a polygon with any given point touching just one point on the polygon. Hope this helped.
3. Why is it impossible for a triangle to contain a 180° angle? It is impossible to have a 180 degree angle because all three of a triangle's angles have to equal 180. If you have one angle of 180, then you would have 2 angles of 0, making a plain old straight line.
4. How is a rhombus similar to a square? A rhombus is similar to a square because they both have parallel sides. A Rhombus can be a square, but a square can not be a rhombus.
5. What is the difference between a right, acute, and obtuse triangle? An acute triangle has three interior acute angles an obtuse triangle has one obtuse obtuse and two acute interior angles.
Activity 5.2a geometric constraints Introduction
A CAD model can quickly display an engineer’s ideas in a realistic way. And those models can be used to generate technical drawings that can communicate the information necessary to make the idea a reality. In order to generate a 3D model, designs must start with sketches that are generated within the CAD program. These computer generated sketches will appear resemble hand drawn sketches in geometry (the combination of points, lines, and shapes), but have big advantages over hand drawn sketches. One important difference between a freehand sketch and a CAD sketch is accuracy. The lines of a CAD sketch can be drawn perfectly straight, with start and end points that occur in exact locations in space. By using numeric (dimensional) constraints a line may also be given precise length, placed a specific distance from another sketch feature, or constrained to be oriented at a specific angle from another straight line. By applying geometric constraints a line can be made perfectly horizontal or vertical. If more than one line is being sketched, they can be made perfectly parallel or perpendicular, collinear, or equal in length. Lines can be constrained to be tangent to circles or arcs, and two circles can be constrained to be concentric. In order to precisely model a part, the designer must be able to use dimensional and geometric constraints within the CAD program.
Conclusion
1. What is a geometric constraint?
Constant, non-numerical relationships between the parts of a geometric figure. Examples include parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity.
2. What are the different types of geometric constraints that are applied to sketches, and what are their functions? Perpendicular is a constraint that causes lines or axes of curves to meet at right angles. Parallel causes two or more lines or ellipse axes to be equidistant from each other. Tangent is used to cause two arcs or a line and an arc to intersect at a single point perpendicular to the arc's radius. Coincident fixes two points together, or fixes a point to a curve. Concentric causes two or more arcs, circles, or ellipses to share the same center point. Collinear causes two lines or ellipse axes to lie along the same line.
3. Define “tangent”.
a straight line or plane that touches a curve or curved surface at a point, but if extended does not cross it at that point.
a. Sketch a line tangent to two circles.
In notebook
b. Sketch three circles such that all circles are tangent to the other two.
In notebook
4. How is a geometric constraint different from a numeric constraint?
Dealing with engineering or CAD, a geometric constraint deals with constraints such as parallel or perpendicular.
A CAD model can quickly display an engineer’s ideas in a realistic way. And those models can be used to generate technical drawings that can communicate the information necessary to make the idea a reality. In order to generate a 3D model, designs must start with sketches that are generated within the CAD program. These computer generated sketches will appear resemble hand drawn sketches in geometry (the combination of points, lines, and shapes), but have big advantages over hand drawn sketches. One important difference between a freehand sketch and a CAD sketch is accuracy. The lines of a CAD sketch can be drawn perfectly straight, with start and end points that occur in exact locations in space. By using numeric (dimensional) constraints a line may also be given precise length, placed a specific distance from another sketch feature, or constrained to be oriented at a specific angle from another straight line. By applying geometric constraints a line can be made perfectly horizontal or vertical. If more than one line is being sketched, they can be made perfectly parallel or perpendicular, collinear, or equal in length. Lines can be constrained to be tangent to circles or arcs, and two circles can be constrained to be concentric. In order to precisely model a part, the designer must be able to use dimensional and geometric constraints within the CAD program.
Conclusion
1. What is a geometric constraint?
Constant, non-numerical relationships between the parts of a geometric figure. Examples include parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity.
2. What are the different types of geometric constraints that are applied to sketches, and what are their functions? Perpendicular is a constraint that causes lines or axes of curves to meet at right angles. Parallel causes two or more lines or ellipse axes to be equidistant from each other. Tangent is used to cause two arcs or a line and an arc to intersect at a single point perpendicular to the arc's radius. Coincident fixes two points together, or fixes a point to a curve. Concentric causes two or more arcs, circles, or ellipses to share the same center point. Collinear causes two lines or ellipse axes to lie along the same line.
3. Define “tangent”.
a straight line or plane that touches a curve or curved surface at a point, but if extended does not cross it at that point.
a. Sketch a line tangent to two circles.
In notebook
b. Sketch three circles such that all circles are tangent to the other two.
In notebook
4. How is a geometric constraint different from a numeric constraint?
Dealing with engineering or CAD, a geometric constraint deals with constraints such as parallel or perpendicular.
Activity 5.3 determining density Introduction
How full is the bag that you take to each of your classes? Can you put any more stuff into it? What happens to the size of the bag? What happens to the mass of the bag? The size of the bag likely stayed the same, though the bag itself is probably about to burst open. When the volume of something stays the same while the mass increases, then the density increases.
Conclusion
1. How can you use density to identify a material? Density can be used to identify a material by how much you get as an 'answer'. because if it is the same material then probably the density value will be similar.
2. What are limitations of the calculated and indirect volume measurement? 1. Measure the thickness of a stack of 100 index cards 2. Divide the answer from 1 by 100
3. Explain the difference between weight and mass.
weight is the gravity but on an object and mass is the amount of matter in a object.
How full is the bag that you take to each of your classes? Can you put any more stuff into it? What happens to the size of the bag? What happens to the mass of the bag? The size of the bag likely stayed the same, though the bag itself is probably about to burst open. When the volume of something stays the same while the mass increases, then the density increases.
Conclusion
1. How can you use density to identify a material? Density can be used to identify a material by how much you get as an 'answer'. because if it is the same material then probably the density value will be similar.
2. What are limitations of the calculated and indirect volume measurement? 1. Measure the thickness of a stack of 100 index cards 2. Divide the answer from 1 by 100
3. Explain the difference between weight and mass.
weight is the gravity but on an object and mass is the amount of matter in a object.
activity 5.4 A calculating properties of solids
Introduction
Have you ever stopped to think why it is that you are able to float in water? The reason has to do with the concept of buoyancy. The volume of water that your body displaces has weight. The weight of the displaced water pushes upward on you, while the weight of your body pushes down. If the weight of the displaced water pushing upward is greater than your weight, then you will rise out of the water to a point where equilibrium has been achieved. This means that the weight of your body that is submerged in the water, let’s say from your shoulders down, is equal to the weight of the volume of water that your body is displacing. Another way to explain this is to look at density. If your average weight density, or the average amount of weight per unit volume of your body, is less than the weight density of the water, then you will float. The word average is used because skin, bone, hair, and muscle tissue all have different weight densities. If you were to drop a coin in the water, you would notice that it sinks. The weight density of metal is higher than the weight density of water; therefore, the volume of water that is displaced by the coin cannot weigh as much as the coin itself.
Conclusion
1. What is the difference between area and volume?
Area is the measure of a two-dimensional surface. Volume is the measure of a three-dimensional space.
2. What is weight density?
Weight density is how much an object or substance weighs per unit volume.
3. What is a “physical” property? Give examples of physical properties.
A physical property is a property that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter. Examples of physical properties include length, volume, surface area, mass, density, center of gravity, centroid and principle axes.
Introduction
Have you ever stopped to think why it is that you are able to float in water? The reason has to do with the concept of buoyancy. The volume of water that your body displaces has weight. The weight of the displaced water pushes upward on you, while the weight of your body pushes down. If the weight of the displaced water pushing upward is greater than your weight, then you will rise out of the water to a point where equilibrium has been achieved. This means that the weight of your body that is submerged in the water, let’s say from your shoulders down, is equal to the weight of the volume of water that your body is displacing. Another way to explain this is to look at density. If your average weight density, or the average amount of weight per unit volume of your body, is less than the weight density of the water, then you will float. The word average is used because skin, bone, hair, and muscle tissue all have different weight densities. If you were to drop a coin in the water, you would notice that it sinks. The weight density of metal is higher than the weight density of water; therefore, the volume of water that is displaced by the coin cannot weigh as much as the coin itself.
Conclusion
1. What is the difference between area and volume?
Area is the measure of a two-dimensional surface. Volume is the measure of a three-dimensional space.
2. What is weight density?
Weight density is how much an object or substance weighs per unit volume.
3. What is a “physical” property? Give examples of physical properties.
A physical property is a property that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter. Examples of physical properties include length, volume, surface area, mass, density, center of gravity, centroid and principle axes.
Activity 5.5 B CAD Model Features Part 2
activity 5.5a
Conclusion
1. What CAD feature would be used to most efficiently model a baseball bat (Extrude, Loft, Revolve, Sweep)? Explain your answer. i would use extrude to make it look real.
2. How does a 3D CAD solid model program display the progression of work involved in creating a model?If you input all of the correct numbers then the program will then analyze it and produce a 3-D graph of the date you've put it. You must keep accurate data over your work period to input into the program.
1. If a mistake is made, how does the user make a correction without using the undo function? they can delete the mistake and redo it.
Activity 5.5 b
1. What CAD feature would be used to most efficiently model a baseball bat (Extrude, Loft, Revolve, Sweep)? Explain your answer. i would use extrude to make it look real.
2. How does a 3D CAD solid model program display the progression of work involved in creating a model?If you input all of the correct numbers then the program will then analyze it and produce a 3-D graph of the date you've put it. You must keep accurate data over your work period to input into the program.
1. If a mistake is made, how does the user make a correction without using the undo function? they can delete the mistake and redo it.
Activity 5.5 b
Activity 5.6 physical property Introduction
What do you need to know about a product before it is built? Would you need to know its volume, surface area, or mass? Would the product weigh less if it were made of aluminum or mild steel? What about copper, brass, or cast iron? How could this information impact the product design?
Conclusion
1. What do you need to know in order to perform a physical property analysis?
you need to know everything about you design so you know what you're doing.
1. Why is it important to understand the mathematics used in mass property analysis?
it is important know the4 math because if you mess up you have to start over.
2. Why is it important to perform a physical property analysis prior to producing a part?
Its important because you need that stuff to get the math right.
3. The clear enclosure piece and the wheels of the Automoblox are manufactured from polycarbonate. Do you think that the connector pieces are also manufactured from polycarbonate? Justify your answer. no because you would want a stronger material so theat the wheel won't fall off.
What do you need to know about a product before it is built? Would you need to know its volume, surface area, or mass? Would the product weigh less if it were made of aluminum or mild steel? What about copper, brass, or cast iron? How could this information impact the product design?
Conclusion
1. What do you need to know in order to perform a physical property analysis?
you need to know everything about you design so you know what you're doing.
1. Why is it important to understand the mathematics used in mass property analysis?
it is important know the4 math because if you mess up you have to start over.
2. Why is it important to perform a physical property analysis prior to producing a part?
Its important because you need that stuff to get the math right.
3. The clear enclosure piece and the wheels of the Automoblox are manufactured from polycarbonate. Do you think that the connector pieces are also manufactured from polycarbonate? Justify your answer. no because you would want a stronger material so theat the wheel won't fall off.
Activity 6.1 visual design principle and element identification
Introduction
Following the steps in the design process and applying visual design principles and elements are key ingredients leading to the overall effectiveness and tastefulness of a design.
Conclusion
1. How are visual design principles and elements utilized in a design?
They are used to make the design aesthetically pleasing, therefore become attractive to possible customers.
2. Identify a product that you feel is aesthetically pleasing. What is it about the product that you find appealing?
My desk is visually pleasing because of its simple design and good choice of color.
3. Identify a product that you don’t like the appearance of and identify the visual design principles and elements that lead to this feeling.
I don’t like the bannisters in my house because they are overly decorative (non-economic), and the color is uninteresting and common.
4. Identify the visual design principles and elements that were not used appropriately in some of the products shown.
To me, the items I chose had no visual design flaws in them (this is part of the reason why I wanted to used them) so I cannot answer this final question. Each object is pleasing to the eye, in my mind.
Introduction
Following the steps in the design process and applying visual design principles and elements are key ingredients leading to the overall effectiveness and tastefulness of a design.
Conclusion
1. How are visual design principles and elements utilized in a design?
They are used to make the design aesthetically pleasing, therefore become attractive to possible customers.
2. Identify a product that you feel is aesthetically pleasing. What is it about the product that you find appealing?
My desk is visually pleasing because of its simple design and good choice of color.
3. Identify a product that you don’t like the appearance of and identify the visual design principles and elements that lead to this feeling.
I don’t like the bannisters in my house because they are overly decorative (non-economic), and the color is uninteresting and common.
4. Identify the visual design principles and elements that were not used appropriately in some of the products shown.
To me, the items I chose had no visual design flaws in them (this is part of the reason why I wanted to used them) so I cannot answer this final question. Each object is pleasing to the eye, in my mind.
Activity 6.3 functional analysis automoblox
Introduction
You have performed a visual analysis of your Automoblox vehicle to identify the visual design principles and elements that give the object its visual appeal, or lack thereof. The next step in the reverse engineering process involves the study of the object’s function. This is done through careful observation of the object’s sequential operation before it is disassembled. By first observing the product, you can hypothesize how a product operates and then compare your predictions to your actual findings after the part is dissected.
Conclusion
1. Why do engineers perform reverse engineering on products? Reverse engineering is used to discover the methods and materials used to create something. Usually engineers perform reverse engineering because they also want to make the same thing.
2. What does a black box represent in the system input/output model?
Product function. More specifically, the formulas and codes that monitors and controls how the product operates and function.
Introduction
You have performed a visual analysis of your Automoblox vehicle to identify the visual design principles and elements that give the object its visual appeal, or lack thereof. The next step in the reverse engineering process involves the study of the object’s function. This is done through careful observation of the object’s sequential operation before it is disassembled. By first observing the product, you can hypothesize how a product operates and then compare your predictions to your actual findings after the part is dissected.
Conclusion
1. Why do engineers perform reverse engineering on products? Reverse engineering is used to discover the methods and materials used to create something. Usually engineers perform reverse engineering because they also want to make the same thing.
2. What does a black box represent in the system input/output model?
Product function. More specifically, the formulas and codes that monitors and controls how the product operates and function.
Activity 6.4 Structural Analysis Automoblox Introduction
You have already performed a Visual Analysis and a Functional Analysis of your Automoblox vehicle. During this activity you will investigate vital product characteristics with regard to the structure of the product. You will research and document your findings using careful measurements, sketches, and notes which will complete the reverse engineering of your product. You will use the information you have gathered during the process in the next unit when you design an enhancement or accessory for the Automoblox vehicle.
Conclusion
2. Part of the mission of Automoblox is to “offer a high quality building system that will delight and inspire children while fostering the development of important skills and learning foundations.” If given the opportunity, how would you improve the Automoblox design (visually, functionally, or structurally) while furthering the mission of the company at minimal cost? i would put a mini engine and make it remote control so you can drive it.
You have already performed a Visual Analysis and a Functional Analysis of your Automoblox vehicle. During this activity you will investigate vital product characteristics with regard to the structure of the product. You will research and document your findings using careful measurements, sketches, and notes which will complete the reverse engineering of your product. You will use the information you have gathered during the process in the next unit when you design an enhancement or accessory for the Automoblox vehicle.
Conclusion
- Describe the process of Reverse Engineering.
2. Part of the mission of Automoblox is to “offer a high quality building system that will delight and inspire children while fostering the development of important skills and learning foundations.” If given the opportunity, how would you improve the Automoblox design (visually, functionally, or structurally) while furthering the mission of the company at minimal cost? i would put a mini engine and make it remote control so you can drive it.
Activity 8.1 train
introduction Have you ever ridden on a train or owned a train set? The parts that make up the engine car on a train can vary depending on the make and model; however, all train engine cars have parts that are similar.Interpreting dimensioned drawings is an important engineering skill. Using drawings to create a computer model of a part is also important. You learned earlier in this course that a sketch is the documentation foundation for related technical work. Communicating this information effectively allows a group of people to function as a design team.
Conclusion
1. Why are drawings composed of different line conventions?
2. What is the purpose of a sectional view?
3. What is the purpose of an auxiliary view?
4. Why are symbols used instead of words to identify hole types?
5. What advantage is there to using algebraic equations instead of numerical values when defining the dimensions of a CAD model?
6. What three types of constraints can be applied to CAD sketches or models?
7. What advantages do CAD drawings have over paper sketches?
introduction Have you ever ridden on a train or owned a train set? The parts that make up the engine car on a train can vary depending on the make and model; however, all train engine cars have parts that are similar.Interpreting dimensioned drawings is an important engineering skill. Using drawings to create a computer model of a part is also important. You learned earlier in this course that a sketch is the documentation foundation for related technical work. Communicating this information effectively allows a group of people to function as a design team.
Conclusion
1. Why are drawings composed of different line conventions?
2. What is the purpose of a sectional view?
3. What is the purpose of an auxiliary view?
4. Why are symbols used instead of words to identify hole types?
5. What advantage is there to using algebraic equations instead of numerical values when defining the dimensions of a CAD model?
6. What three types of constraints can be applied to CAD sketches or models?
7. What advantages do CAD drawings have over paper sketches?